As promised, Rand Paul offered a lesson on the secret history of the Republican Party and black people in a speech to students at Howard University, a historically-black college, on Wednesday. Paul's version of history was not all that different than the one offered last month at CPAC's "Trump the Race Card" panel, a history that goes something like this: Republicans believed in emancipation and abolition and were radically not racist in the 19th century and? let's just skip over the last half of the 20th century. Paul said that Republicans saw a significant drop?in support from black people from the 1960s on, not because of the party's calculation that it could win elections by appealing to the prejudices of racist Southerners, but because Democrats offered a bunch of handouts during the Great Depression. Paul said:
I think what happened during the Great Depression was that African Americans understood that Republicans championed citizenship and voting rights but they became impatient for economic emancipation.
African Americans languished below white Americans in every measure of economic success and the Depression was especially harsh for those at the lowest rung of poverty.
The Democrats promised equalizing outcomes through unlimited federal assistance while Republicans offered something that seemed less tangible-the promise of equalizing opportunity through free markets.
Rand Paul's explanation for how Republicans lost the support of black voters sounds a lot like Mitt Romney's explanation for why he lost the 2012 election ? that Obama won because he offered "gifts," "especially the African-American community, the Hispanic community and young people." Rand Paul's explanation is wrong.?Paul did not mention that the New Deal is why white people voted for Democrats, too. (At left, the electoral college maps for the presidential elections in 1932, 1936, and 1940.) And?Dwight Eisenhower got 39 percent of black voters' support in 1956.?That means there's another explanation.
RELATED: Parties Fight Over Who Gets to Talk About Slavery
Paul only got to it when asked by a student whether he was from the Republican Party of Abraham Lincoln or "post-1968 Republican party ? Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan." Paul disagreed that there was any difference between the Lincoln party and the Reagan one. "People perceive those as being completely different parties," Paul said. He explained:
"The argument that I'm trying to make is that we haven't changed. We don't talk about it...?There are some of us who haven't changed, who are part of that party that you liked, who truly believe that Reagan was still part of that. Who don't see an abrupt difference."
There is a difference! Ronald Reagan kicked off his 1980 general election campaign near Philadelphia, Mississippi, a place that is?solely famous for being the site of there civil rights murders. Reagan invented "welfare queens." In the 1990s, Newt Gingrich said he would crack down on crime by building emergency prisons and advertising longer sentences on "MTV and?rap radio." Rand Paul's father Ron Paul made millions of dollars selling newsletters that warned of a looming "race war." This is not disputed history. Republican National Committee chair Ken Mehlman apologized for the Southern Strategy in 2005.
RELATED: Now It's Santorum's Turn to Learn the Downside of Media Attention
It is great that Paul wants to reach out to new voters. It is fantastic that the GOP wants to compete for black voters. These are obviously good things. But voters deserve a little bit of honesty about very recent history. Paul seemed surprised when Howard students were better versed in black GOP history than he was. Paul tried to explain that the first black senator was a Republican ? but stumbled when he was "blanking on his name." The crowd shouted that it was Edward Brooke.?Paul tried another fact. "If I would have said, 'Who do you think the founders of the NAACP were? Do you think they were Republicans or Democrats?' Would everybody in here have known they were all Republicans?"?"Yes!" the crowd shouted. "Alright, alright," Paul admitted, "you know more than I know."
I look around; Ryan Green has already slipped out of the room. I hesitate, then nod. I take my seat at the rickety desk and put on a pair of expensive noise-canceling headphones.
The game is called That Dragon, Cancer. The desk ? I wish we?d had a better desk for them, actually ? is located on the first floor of Unwinnable?s furnished, three-story mansion, which we?ve rented for this year?s Game Developers Conference. Tonight every room is full of developers and their games. We?ve given That Dragon, Cancer its own entire bedroom. It?s the largest bedroom on the first floor; it even has its own couch. I am surprised. I didn?t have much to do with organizing this event (I?m not much of an organizer), so everything surprises me.
More than one colleague has told me to come to this room. One told me to come to this room first, another told me to visit it last. I am about to become very, very surprised.
???
I am searching the screen with my cursor when I remember the demo is supposed to end with the words ?thank you.? And I realize I?ve just heard these words, and I take my hand away from the mouse and squirm out of the expensive noise-canceling headphones, and now I am staring at Josh Larson.
Josh is here ? was he always here? ? with a clipboard and pen. He?s going to take my feedback. I think he?s been taking my feedback.
How long have I been sitting here?
?Okay,? I tell him. I wrack my brain. ?I? don?t think I?ve ever played a videogame that takes place in the ICU before.?
I give Josh Larson my design notes. I am clinical with my thoughts and suggestions. I answer Josh?s questions.
Now Josh has another question for me. ?Did you understand that the game is supposed to be hopeful??
I answer yes, and I am explaining why, and this is when it finally catches up with me. I burst into tears.
S
I don?t think I?ve ever played a videogame that takes place in an ICU before. Actually, do you know, for a few years and right up until six months ago, I spent a lot of meaningful time in the ICU.
And wow, you really got every detail right! I can?t believe it! There?s the armchair. And it is! It is always too small! And rubbery. Here?s the phone right next to it, of course. The bed is over there. The bathroom is a room attached to this one, and then there?s another sink counter way over here, where you religiously wash and sanitize your hands. There?s the salmon-pink, kidney-shaped basin sitting on the counter just to the sink?s left: maybe it?s supposed to be a bedpan, but we always used it for vomit instead. Everything is just right, just the way I remember it.
And then there are those great big windows ? there are always those great big windows ? and if it weren?t for those big picture windows, you?d never know the time of day, since the ICU is always so dark. That moment really struck me, seeing out those windows and realizing it?s still daylight.
Oh. Have you ever heard of something called ?ICU psychosis?? Write that down, look it up later. But okay, it happens to not only the patients themselves, but also to their loved ones. You not only lose track of what time of day it is, but also what day it is, what week it is. Time doesn?t work right anymore. There are audio and visual hallucinations, too, sometimes. You know that whiteboard, where they write down what day it is and the nurses? hours? That isn?t really for the nurses, you know. It?s for you. Oh, that?s something you left out, the whiteboard.
Something else struck me ? sorry, I?m kind of harping on this one moment. Okay. So when I?d click on the windows, the camera would whirl, and suddenly it leaves the first-person vantage, and the camera swoops around outside the window to stare into the building back at me, and I?m standing there looking out the window, and it?s a real Portal moment, you know, where you see yourself for the first time? So when I look in at myself, I see Ryan Green standing there instead ? Ryan, the man who was only just here in the room with us ? and I can see his shape and form and his glasses and his beard.
And then, and only then, I remember I am supposed to be Ryan.
???
Later I was describing that Portal moment to Ryan Green ? this convergence of game and cinema and prose and autobiography ? and just how meaningful that moment really was, and I said something like ?it proves there really are some stories that can only be told through the medium of games.? Then I added, ?I think you?ve really achieved something here,? and I said that last thing out loud and I felt so, so sick.
???
In the game, you click through the ICU, feeling around with your cursor for any sort of narrative relief. Sometimes relief does arrive, in the form of a white scrawl, an almost-handwritten prose-poem scribbling itself against the ICU. Sometimes, though, it seems you?ve finally run out of options.
Your son is crying out in pain. There is nothing you can do.
That Dragon, Cancer positions itself as an adventure game, which by design implies all the flaws and failings built into a point-and-click adventure game. You fall into these cyclic, helpless loops of action, clicking on this hotspot and that one, fumbling for anything to alleviate your, Ryan?s, son?s cries ? cries that start out gut-wrenching, then quickly turn into something more persistently awful, something you?ve got to quell as quickly as possible. It hurts on every level.
To get to all the hotspots on one side of the room, you have to repeatedly seat yourself in the too-small armchair near your ? Ryan?s ? son?s bed. And, ah, that?s how it actually goes. You keep sitting down and surveying the room, looking for just one new thing to try to do. That?s how it really, really went.
And at some point the game stops cold. Now there is only one parser command on the screen.
Pray.
This is how it really, really went.
S
Ryan tells us, in an early in-game voice over, how at first this whole medical odyssey was ?an adventure.? He was, he imagined, ?a hero.? I heard him say that, and I thought how brave it was to just come right out and say that, and my stomach folded in on itself.
The very first time, my mother was supposed to die. She was supposed to die, and we succeeded instead. She survived several times after. For just under a year I was needlessly cavalier. I do remember what it felt like to be the hero. I also remember what it felt like to get so, so tired, which was a long time after I?d stopped being afraid.
Ryan Green told me he?d wanted to include some sort of prose refrain. The game, in many ways, is a hymn, a song of praise, but I told him a refrain might be overkill. I told him players will always fumble at the same couple of objects in the room, and those objects can always respond with the same piece of text, and in a way, that could become the refrain, if you could just anticipate what the player will reach for. No, I told him, you don?t need to artificially include a refrain. Maybe. I don?t know.
I told Ryan I have limited experience with cancer. I told him about my mother, who died of something else, but it, you know, it took a long time. Then Ryan asked me what my favorite thing about my mother was.
?Oh,? I said to him. And then I told him something. It was a pretty big something.
And I concluded, ?I?ve never told anyone that before,? and that was true, and it is still true.
???
Josh Larson is holding a clipboard. He has a question for me. ?Did you? understand that the game itself is supposed to be hopeful??
?Yes,? I tell him reluctantly. ?Yes, because even when you?re trapped on certain narrative circuits ? ?
He?s still alive.
? ? there?s this perpetual forward motion, a momentum, where you aren?t really trapped, there?s always, uh ? ?
He?s still alive.
I tell Josh I tried to make a game once, in Twine, and I only ever showed it to a few people, but in it there is no narrative direction; the player just circles hopelessly. There is no narrative hope.
?But with something like this,? I tell Josh Larson, ?you dedicate years of your life, and the person, ah ? ?
He?s still alive.
I sob.
? ? the person still dies, no matter how long you take, no matter what you do.? I barely manage to work these words out.
This isn?t constructive criticism at all. It is hopelessness, hopelessness in the face of Josh Larson and Ryan Green?s hope.
???
Still, I keep thinking about my favorite thing about my mother ? a weird thing to love, just some human failing, a secret I kept for her ? and I suddenly remember I had two or three extra years with her, and
He?s still alive.
and she?s gone, she?s gone, and now I have all this love and no place to put it.
S
I carefully take the headphones from around my neck and set them in front of me.
?Well,? Josh Larson says to me, sighing deeply but smiling, ?I?m glad we could give you twenty minutes of peace.?
I look at him, and then I stare down at my lap, and I realize he?s right. For twenty minutes I?ve been in another place ? in its own fucked way it was safe there ? and now I?m back. I nod.
???
This is admittedly a pretty audacious effort, to invent an entire game narrative about this one event that ? how can I say this in a gracious way ? hasn?t transpired yet. Yet.
This is an ugly truth, but look. This is probably coming. I?m sorry. This is a game about something that is only inevitably coming.
But it?s coming for all of us.
And that is the loveliest thing about That Dragon, Cancer: we will all meet this thing, or have already met it. Maybe that should be scary, but That Dragon, Cancer is about sustaining the hope and joy of life for just as long as we can.
I like poetry. That Dragon, Cancer is entirely made up of poetry. An old poetry professor of mine is waiting to die of some rare blood cancer. The wonderful thing about his certain-death cancer is, he could die tomorrow, or he could die at ninety. ?Certain death? is incredibly silly that way.
What was it e.e. cummings said? It was some line of poetry. How did it go? It went something like, ?for life?s not a paragraph. And death I think is no parenthesis.? I have no idea what it means; I just like it.
???
I was confused. Wasn?t there anything else to do? I scanned my cursor across the ICU.
I wasn?t sure I?d found the demo?s end, and then I remembered those strange words: ?Thank you.?
I nodded and took the headphones off, and then I looked for Josh.
???
Jenn Frank is Unwinnable's editorial director. Her writing has also appeared at 1UP, Vice Motherboard, GameSetWatch, Jezebel, the New York Times, and in Kill Screen Magazine. She lives with a miniature schnauzer. Follow her on Twitter @Jennatar.
Learn more about That Dragon, Cancer at its development blog.
NEW YORK (AP) ? The bickering parents of Broadway's most expensive show have made up ? in court at least ? and that removes a huge cloud above the future of "Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark."
Producers and fired director Julie Taymor hashed out a settlement that was announced Wednesday, and both sides released statements hoping the superhero show could now soar beyond Broadway.
Taymor, the original "Spider-Man" director and co-book writer, was fired in 2011 after years of delays, accidents and critical backlash to a show whose price tag ballooned to $75 million.
Taymor slapped the producers, led by Michael Cohl and Jeremiah J. Harris, as well as Glen Berger, her former co-book writer, with a federal copyright infringement lawsuit, alleging they violated her creative rights and hadn't compensated her for the work she put into the show. The producers' filed a counterclaim asserting the copyright claims were baseless.
Though settlement talks had been ongoing, a final deal hadn't been hammered out, and Manhattan federal Judge Katherine Forrest had set a May 27 trial date, which has now been made moot.
The settlement means a legal quagmire has been removed and frees producers to consider options, including a tour or a new home for the show if it ever needs to leave Broadway. No details about the settlement or how it was reached were revealed.
It was clear that prolonged and embarrassing court hearings would further injure the property. Taymor, in a statement, said she had hope "for the continued success of Spider-Man, both on Broadway and beyond." The producers said they looked forward to spreading the show "in new and exciting ways around the world."
The show, which features music by U2's Bono and The Edge, opened in November 2010 but spent months in previews and then retooling before officially opening a few days after the Tony Awards in June 2011. It has become a financial hit at the box office.
Taymor's lawsuit sought half of all profits derived from the sale, license, transfer or lease of any rights in the original "Spider-Man" book along with a permanent ban of the use of her name or likeness in connection with a documentary film that was made of the birth of the musical without her consent.
It also sought a jury trial to determine her share of profits from the unauthorized use of her version of the superhero story, which it said was believed to be in excess of $1 million.
In the run-up to a legal showdown, papers revealed a behind-the-scenes atmosphere that was secretive and slightly paranoid. Taymor alleged that Berger was told to quietly work on changes to the story without Taymor's knowledge ? called "Plan X" ? that in an email Berger complained led him to lead a "double life" working with and against Taymor.
After Taymor left, writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, director Philip William McKinley and choreographer Chase Brock cleaned up a story that had wandered into darker and mythological themes, while Bono and The Edge reworked the songs. More flying stunts were added, and the romance between Peter Parker and Mary Jane returned to center stage.
The use of four comic-book fans who framed the plot and represented Taymor, Bono, The Edge and Berger were cut. The role of a villainous spider-woman named Arachne was scaled back, and the Green Goblin's role was enhanced.
Taymor had alleged that the show hadn't been re-imagined after her firing and that what audiences are seeing at the Foxwoods Theatre is essentially the same show she directed.
On opening night, Taymor received a standing ovation and kisses from cast members, as well as from Bono and The Edge. The three were all smiles and posed for pictures together on the red carpet.
The stunt-heavy show has done brisk business since it opened its doors and most weeks easily grosses more than the $1.2 million the producers have indicated they need to reach to stay viable and pay off debts. But getting rid of a legal headache may open the door for more revenue options.
___
Online: http://www.SpiderManOnBroadway.com
___
Follow Mark Kennedy on Twitter at http://twitter.com/KennedyTwits
Lindsay Lohan greets fans as she heads into a taping of 'The Late Show with David Letterman' in New York
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
"True Blood" star Alexander Skarsgard was spotted out and about in New York City on April 9. He spent time signing autographs for his fans on the street.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Cameron Diaz grabbed an iced tea after a workout at the gym on April 8 in Los Angeles, Calif.
Celebrity Phoos: April 2013
Olivia Wilde took her dog Paco out for a walk with her brother Charlie in New York City, New York on April 8.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Rumor Willis was spotted wearing the U by Kotox Generation Know bracelet while playing with her dog in Beverly Hills, Calif., on April 8.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Taylor Swift walked the red carpet at the 2013 Academy of Country Music Awards in Las Vegas, Nev., on April 6.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Jessica Alba flaunted her amazing bikini body as she hit the beach while on vacation in St. Barts on April 7.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Giuliana Rancic was all smiles at The Naked Grape Wine's `Peel It Off to Give Back` event in Chicago on April 6.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Pregnant Jessica Simpson's curves were on full display in a tight black shirt as she took her family to lunch at King's Fish House In Calabasas, Calif., on April 6.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Chris Hemsworth took his adorable daughter India Rose grocery shopping at the 'Whole Foods' in Los Angeles, Calif., on April 5. Hot dad alert!
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Angelina Jolie attended the Women in the World Summit 2013 on April 4 in New York City.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Jada Pinkett Smith spotted out and about in New York City on April 3.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Emmy Rossum was all smiles in New York while sporting the Henri Bendel Sutton Mini Bag on April 2.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Jon Hamm and his girlfriend Jennifer Westfeldt took their dog for a walk in West Hollywood, Calif., on April 2.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Charlize Theron was seen bundled up in a dark pea coat and scarf as she hurried out of her hotel to run some errands around New York City on April 2.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Rihanna performed at Rogers Arena in Vancouver, Canada on April 1. Looking good, RiRi!
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Kate Beckinsale was spotted stocking up on spring fragrances from Jo Malone London in Los Angeles, Calif., on April 1.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Heidi Klum walked on the beach at the North Shore in Oahu, Hawaii on April 1.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Sarah Jessica Parker walked her kids to school on April 1 in New York City. How adorable are those army jackets?
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
A bikini-clad Hayden Panettiere enjoyed a peaceful Easter Sunday on the beach in Miami, Fla., on March 31.
Celebrity Photos: April 2013
Kourtney Kardashian took her kids Mason and Penelope to Church on Easter Sunday, where they were joined by Kendall, Kylie and Kris Jenner in Los Angeles, Calif.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Lily Collins attended Day 2 of WonderCon 2013 at Anaheim Convention Center on March 30 in Anaheim, Calif.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Britney Spears, her two sons Sean and Jayden Federline and her father Jamie were spotted arriving on a flight in New Orleans, La., on March 29.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Diane Kruger posed for pictures outside ABC Studios for an appearance on "Good Morning America" on March 28 in NYC.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Taylor Swift went casual in a black sweater and red pants as she headed out and about in New York City on March 27.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Sandra Bullock gave her son Louis a piggyback ride after picking him up from school in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 26.
Celebrity News: March 2013
Angelina Jolie and the UK Foreign Secretary William Hague visited a rescue camp for women on March 25 in the Democratic Republic of Congo to raise awareness of warzone rape. Jolie, a special envoy for the United Nations High Commissioner, said the issues need a "worldwide focus."
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Kim Kardashian stepped out in New York City on March 26 after revealing her pregnancy weight is around 140 pounds.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Jamie Lynn Sigler celebrated the news of having a boy with with a Sally Hansen Nail Color Manicure (in blue) in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 25.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Kelly Osbourne attended a photocall to promote her E! show Fashion Police in Amsterdam on March 25.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Anne Hathaway looked all bundled up as she was spotted out and about with husband Adam Shulman in New York on March 25.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Gwen Stefani and her husband Gavin Rossdale took their sons Kingston and Zuma to a park in Sherman Oaks, Calif., on March 24.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Jennifer Lopez and Casper Smart attended Celebrity Fight Night in Phoenix, Arizona on March 23, where the Moet & Chandon champagne was flowing as celebrities toasted the guest of honor, Muhammad Ali.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Drew Barrymore ran some errands in New York City on March 22. Looking good post-baby!
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Ashley Greene was spotted leaving a gym wearing a pink top in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 20.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Eva Mendes, wearing a brown leopard print dress and brown boots, headed to a taping of "The Late Show with David Letterman" in New York City on March 19.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
"The Bachelor" star Sean Lowe and his fiance Catherine Giudici took a stroll at The Grove in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 19.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
A makeup-free Cameron Diaz sported black spandex pants as she got some exercise while hiking with a friend in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 19.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Emilia Clarke looked incredible at HBO's Season Three premiere of "Game of Thrones" held at the TCL Chinese Theater in Hollywood, Calif., on March 18.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Selena Gomez showed off her legs in a a short skirt as she arrived at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City to promote her new film "Spring Breakers" on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on March 18.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Lindsay Lohan was seen leaving the court house in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 18 after showing up 45 minutes late.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
"Modern Family" star Sofia Vergara took a taxi to an office building in New York on March 18.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner took their kids Violet, Seraphina and Samuel to a park in Brentwood, Calif., on March 17. How adorable are these sweet siblings?
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Taylor Swift rocked short shorts as she headed to a photo shoot in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 16.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
"Jersey Shore" star Pauly D was spotted this past weekend spinning some of today's hottest hits at Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Punta Cana's ORO Nightclub in the Dominican Republic.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Jessica Simpson, who recently confirmed she is expecting a boy, shopped at Bel Bambini Baby Boutique in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 15.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Khloe Kardashian left the One The Thirty restaurant in Sherman Oaks, Calif., on March 14. Looking good, Khloe!
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Jennifer Garner struck a pose at the Neutrogena Sun Summit (raising awareness on the changing environment's impact on overall skin health) in in New York City on March 13.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Camila Alves rocked a blue leather jacket, black top and black pants as she set out around New York City on March 13.
Celebrity Photos: March 2013
Breckin Meyer and Mark-Paul Gosselaar filmed scenes on the beach in Malibu, Calif., for the TV show "Franklin & Bash" on March 12.
Celebrity PHotos: March 2013
Pregnant reality star Kim Kardashian headed to an office to film scenes for 'Keeping Up With The Kardashians' in Los Angeles, Calif., on March 12.
Apr. 8, 2013 ? A new study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that the way carbon moves from within a planet to the surface plays a big role in the evolution of a planet's atmosphere. If Mars released much of its carbon as methane, for example, it might have been warm enough to support liquid water.
A new study of how carbon is trapped and released by iron-rich volcanic magma offers clues about the early atmospheric evolution on Mars and other terrestrial bodies.
The composition of a planet's atmosphere has roots deep beneath its surface. When mantle material melts to form magma, it traps subsurface carbon. As magma moves upward toward the surface and pressure decreases, that carbon is released as a gas. On Earth, carbon is trapped in magma as carbonate and degassed as carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that helps Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. But how carbon is transferred from underground to the atmosphere in other planets -- and how that might influence greenhouse conditions -- wasn't well understood.
"We know carbon goes from the solid mantle to the liquid magma, from liquid to gas and then out," said Alberto Saal, professor of geological sciences at Brown and one of the study's authors. "We want to understand how the different carbon species that are formed in the conditions that are relevant to the planet affect the transfer."
This latest study, which also included researchers from Northwestern University and the Carnegie Institution of Washington, indicated that under conditions like those found in the mantles of Mars, the Moon and other bodies, carbon is trapped in the magmas mainly as a species called iron carbonyl and released as carbon monoxide and methane gas. Both gasses, methane especially, have high greenhouse potential.
The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggest that when volcanism was widespread early in Mars' history, it may have released enough methane to keep the planet significantly warmer than it is today.
A key difference between conditions in Earth's mantle and the mantles of other terrestrial bodies is what scientists refer to as oxygen fugacity, the amount of free oxygen available to react with other elements. Earth's mantle today has a relatively high oxygen fugacity, but in bodies like the Moon and early Mars, it is very low. To find out what how that lower oxygen fugacity affects carbon transfer, the researchers set up a series of experiments using volcanic basalt similar to those found on the Moon and Mars.
They melted the volcanic rock at varying pressures, temperature, and oxygen fugacities, using a powerful spectrometer to measure how much carbon was absorbed by the melt and in what form. They found that at low oxygen fugacities, carbon was trapped as iron carbonyl, something previous research hadn't detected. At lower pressures, iron carbonyl degassed as carbon monoxide and methane.
"We found that you can dissolve in the magma more carbon at low oxygen fugacity than what was previously thought," said Diane Wetzel, a Brown graduate student and the study's lead author. "That plays a big role in the degassing of planetary interiors and in how that will then affect the evolution of atmospheres in different planetary bodies."
Early in its history, Mars was home to giant active volcanoes, which means significant amounts of methane would have been released by carbon transfer. Because of methane's greenhouse potential, which is much higher than that of carbon dioxide, the findings suggest that even a thin atmosphere early in Mars' history might have created conditions warm enough for liquid water on the surface.
Other authors on the paper were Malcolm Rutherford from Brown, Steven Jacobson from Northwestern. and Erik Hauri from the Carnegie Institution. The work was supported by NASA, the National Science Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the Deep Carbon Observatory.
Share this story on Facebook, Twitter, and Google:
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Brown University.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Diane T. Wetzel, Malcolm J. Rutherford, Steven D. Jacobsen, Erik H. Hauri, and Alberto E. Saal. Degassing of reduced carbon from planetary basalts. PNAS, April 8, 2013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219266110
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Nowadays, Yoga is taken up as a fitness, Show off or a social status symbol for ?A class society? any celebrity says he/she practices Yoga and then it becomes a status symbol when a patient is recommended by a family doctor or a specialist to practice Yoga, it becomes a must like that as a prescribed medicine so in most cases the person find a yoga teacher or studio suitable for own needs, requires, thinking or budget Yoga is not a ?weekly? type of practice. It is a way of life, which we have to live in 24 hours and for a lifetime, it requires dedication, commitment and regular exercise. Yoga is not just fitness or fun type recreational activity!
Here I am trying to explain to why simple yoga practice and Yoga therapy is different? Yoga is a practical science, Indian psychology with its ideology and technology: as a holistic system to promote harmony in the physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual level. When this balance is disturbed by accident, disease, illness or stress created by a disease: physical or mental. Yoga can help restore it, and help cure or manage the disease. Yoga therapy is an adaptation of yoga practices for people with health problems. Although regular yoga classes can improve overall health and solve mild complaints but they can be ineffective or may be even harmful for serious conditions. In such cases, yoga therapy help people by tailoring the yoga lifestyle to their individual needs, taking into account their health problems, flexibility, capacity, skills, habits, Constitution and circumstances.
Yoga therapy practitioners are qualified yoga teachers with further training in human physiology, Anatomy, and applications of yoga to medical conditions. Yoga therapy uses techniques from India, which dates back thousands of years and is part of traditional Indian health system. Critical research trials shows that yoga therapy practice is among the most effective known method to handle the Psychosomatic diseases and disorders, stress-related conditions, which are so common today. This is because Yoga bridges the gap between mind and body, ranging across the spectrum from physical to mental, from gross to subtle.
In medical science, we all know that there are several medications available on the market. While details are written on drugs that doze and what it contains and compounds? Even pharmacists can help but then why do we go to the doctor? It is the physician who decides and allows you to take the right amount and that is suitable for you as a patient. The doctor know what kind of patient and what can improve conditions through their years of practice and experience. Similarly, yoga practice: poses, Pranayams, kriyas, etc. all are known from ages, there are thousands of books available in the market from ancient texts to the most modern method with CD?s and DVD ?s. With details like that are good for the type of problems? Very few explain their limitations. When you don?t make or exert any special pose or technology in certain conditions Plus the same pose is taught but with different simplified variants and versions. It is the Yoga therapist who know what pose will help for a specific problem and which version or variation should be made by the client who takes special class for any particular problem.
I would like to emphasize that why Yoga therapy is more effective than other therapies. Allopathic science has only two tools with them to fight back with any disease or disorder: medication and surgery. Drugs mask symptoms and surgery removes the problem temporarily but the chance for redevelopment even medical sciences are also non-specific with regard to its effectiveness. After all the men have invented all these Sciences, so it may not be as perfect as nature Yoga is science based on the laws of nature. We accept all the human mind cannot be compared with mother nature. It?s mother nature that makes and creates man, there are always limitations on man?s discovery Yoga offers a variety of tools. They are suitable to individual needs, conditions, capacity and capability. It offers poses, breathing techniques, Mudras, Bandhas, cleansing techniques, relaxation techniques. It provides both physical and mental training through its five major branches: namely classical-Karma yoga, yoga, Bhakti yoga, Astanga yoga, and Jnana yoga. Person can practice in all positions: standing, sitting or laying. It offers everything and a total package that covers human life from ?womb tomb-birth to death.? It treats the root cause of the problem and helps to remove the cause not just symptoms. Some condition is not curable, it helps the patient to deal with the problem and helps to maintain the conditions so that it does not go from bad to worst!
Yoga Therapy begins with a 1: 1 consultations for establishing the present conditions, associated health problems and related lifestyle factors. This is followed by a series of direct talks or specialized group sessions. Yoga Therapy begins with very basic flexibility exercises followed by simplified poses, breathing techniques and relaxation at the end, so that clients can start practicing and benefiting directly, even if they have no previous experience of yoga. Yoga therapy is very safe when taught by a qualified yoga therapist. In addition to helping manage the current condition, it is often other health benefits through knowledge. Yoga Therapy people to take care of their own health, make them independent and thus leads to the patient?s satisfaction and to reduce expenditure on consultations, drugs & medicines. The most important thing is that it helps to protect you from side effects of medicines. Yoga therapy is based on laws of nature so it is completely safe and natural ways to heal. Yoga therapy is thus a part of the treatment, cure and prevention.
Note: encyclopedia of Family Health, published in 1991, with two reprints in 1998 and 2005 editions, authored by Dr. David b. Jacoby from Johns Hopkins School or medicine and Dr. Robert m. Youngson of Royal Society of Medicine-volume 1-18 have cover Yoga during two parts: (1) treatment and cures (2) the prevention and diagnosis of the disease.
This proves that Yoga, the origin of Indian health practice has crossed its borders in the past for authenticity and concrete positive results which have been approved by allopathic practitioners from times and dates.
The Brilliant Yoga Weight Loss and Well Being Success System? Discover 2 Absurd Metabolism-Boosting Weight Loss Secrets For?Decreased Body Fat, A Sexy Rear End, And????????????????????????? ?A Firm Toned Body...
All Critics (91) | Top Critics (22) | Fresh (85) | Rotten (7) | DVD (1)
Their imaginings are not far removed from the deconstuctionist gobbledygook that has hammerlocked academic film and literary scholarship. But here at least the gobbledygook is entertaining.
[It] may be the surpassingly eccentric-and enormously entertaining-film that Kubrick deserves.
"Room 237" is an act of uncommon devotion to cinema, embracing the notion that movies are best defined by what happens to us as we watch them - how our own beliefs and experiences dictate our interpretation of what we've seen and heard.
This is sure to amuse you if you get a bang out of the claims that Paul McCartney died in 1966 and Dark Side of the Moon was intended as a soundtrack for The Wizard of Oz.
I found most of what's actually put forth in the film interpretively ridiculous. But I'm just one theorist among millions, and the film worked for me anyway.
Listening to fanatics go on and on about their fixations can be kind of fun. For a while, at least.
Confounding, eye-opening, and often hilarious.
I suspect that Ascher's intention was to dynamize an academic exercise, but these constant, sundry inserts render the tone as corny and glib as a VH1 special.
The thrill's in the thinking about little pieces of cinematic language as words contributing to a two-hour essay.
Would it be hypocritical to say that I loved "Room 237," even thought I felt like 75 percent of what was said in it was completely hooey?
a journey down a rabbit hole worth taking, as the film immerses us in alternately fascinating, compelling, absurd, and frightening theories about what, exactly, The Shining is (or might be) about
Room 237 is both an ode to the subversive nature of the movies and a fascinating insight into clashing obsessions in its most lurid form, even when its stylistic choices seek to destroy the experience.
I can't buy into the notion of Stanley Kubrick faking Apollo 11's moon landing but he definitely helped Shelley Duvall fake a movie career.
"Anything you say, Lloyd. Anything you say."
"Room 237" is movie so chunky and sweet you can eat it with a spoon.
This documentary will entertain everyone from film junkies to conspiracy theorists and those who like to debunk them as Ascher spreads his net to include everything from the most provocative ideas to blatant bunkum.
This geek gossip is made even more captivating by the fact that nobody will likely ever know whether any of it is true.
Hilarious, bizarre and provocative. You'll never look at The Shining the same way again
The beauty of Room 237, however, doesn't lie in the validity of any one of the commentators' thoughtful (and occasionally well-informed) speculations, but instead in that mysterious grey zone between an artist's intentions and audience interpretation.
No quotes approved yet for Room 237. Logged in users can submit quotes.
it becomes a status symbol when a patient is recommended by a family doctor or a specialist to practice Yoga, it becomes a must like that as a prescribed medicine so in most cases the person find a yoga teacher or studio suitable for own needs, requires, thinking or budget Yoga is not a ?weekly? type of practice. It is a way of life, which we have to live in 24 hours and for a lifetime, it requires dedication, commitment and regular exercise. Yoga is not just fitness or fun type recreational activity!